WebThe estimation of the causal effect of an endogenous treatment based on an instrumental variable (IV) is often complicated by the non-observability of the outcome of interest due to attrition, sample selection, or survey non-response. To tackle the latter problem, the latent ignorability (LI) assumption imposes that attrition/sample selection is independent of the … WebThis high plausibility does not necessarily indicate any evidence that the statement is materially misstated, and hence, it is inappropriate to interpret it as a probability of material misstatement. The SAS No. 47 formula for audit risk is …
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